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- <text id=91TT2697>
- <link 93XP0159>
- <title>
- Dec. 02, 1991: A Time of Agony for Japanese American
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991 Highlights
- The 50th Anniversary of Pearl Harbor
- </history>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Dec. 02, 1991 Pearl Harbor:Day of Infamy
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- PEARL HARBOR, Page 69
- A Time of Agony for Japanese Americans
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Interning 120,000 in desolate camps, the U.S. "put a yoke of
- disloyalty" on them
- </p>
- <p>By OTTO FRIEDRICH
- </p>
- <p> No sooner had the Japanese bombers hit Pearl Harbor than
- a rumor spread that they had been guided by Hawaii's Japanese
- farm workers' slashing giant arrows in sugarcane fields.
- Similar stories swept California and beyond. "The fifth-column
- activities added great confusion," said Admiral Husband E.
- Kimmel, the Pacific Fleet commander. The confusion was largely
- his own.
- </p>
- <p> Though there was no evidence of a single case of
- Japanese-American espionage throughout the war, FBI agents on
- the afternoon of Dec. 7 began to detain suspected "subversives."
- They swooped down on a Los Angeles baseball field, for example,
- to apprehend members of a team called the L.A. Nippons. Within
- two months, 2,192 "suspects" had been jailed. The U.S.
- Constitution is supposed to protect citizens against arbitrary
- arrest, but a U.S. law of 1924 had virtually forbidden Japanese
- immigration, so most of the arrested suspects were classified
- as "enemy aliens."
- </p>
- <p> Though there were a few incidents of anti-Japanese
- violence in the first days after Pearl Harbor, the U.S.
- initially refrained from collective reprisals. "Let's not get
- rattled," said a Dec. 10 editorial in the Los Angeles Times. The
- FBI and the military had been compiling lists of "potentially
- dangerous" Japanese since 1932, but most were merely teachers,
- businessmen or journalists. And the lists totaled only about
- 2,000 names in a community of 127,000 (37% were aliens, known
- as Issei, the rest American-born Nisei, who theoretically had
- the same rights as other citizens). "Treat us like Americans,"
- said the Japanese-American Citizens League. "Give us a chance
- to prove our loyalty."
- </p>
- <p> Military leaders worried acutely, however, about the
- thousands of Japanese scattered all over the vulnerable West
- Coast. On Dec. 29, Lieut. General John L. DeWitt ordered all
- Japanese aliens in the eight states in his Western Defense
- Command to surrender their shortwave radios and cameras. But the
- Army's basic demand was much broader: mass expulsion.
- </p>
- <p> While some questioned the constitutionality of wholesale
- deportations, California Governor Culbert Olson demanded action.
- So did the ambitious state attorney general, who would someday
- become Chief Justice of the U.S., Earl Warren. Expedient
- arguments could always be found. Though no Japanese Americans
- had actually committed sabotage, wrote the eminent columnist
- Walter Lippmann, "it is a sign that the blow is well organized
- and held back until it can be struck with maximum effect." Said
- General DeWitt: "A Jap is a Jap."
- </p>
- <p> In February 1942 Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9,066,
- authorizing DeWitt to expel all Japanese, aliens and citizens
- alike, from the coastal area. That spring 120,000 people were
- rounded up with little more than the clothes on their back --
- farmers and fishermen, old women, children, a kaleidoscope of
- the "subversive." They were shipped off to 10 bleak
- concentration camps in remote areas like Manzanar, west of Death
- Valley.
- </p>
- <p> "I was 10 years old and wearing my Cub Scout uniform when
- we were packed onto a train in San Jose," recalls California
- Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta. "People had to just
- padlock and walk away from their businesses -- they lost
- millions. After six months in a barracks at the Santa Anita
- Racetrack, we were sent to Heart Mountain, Wyo. We arrived in
- the middle of a blinding snowstorm, five of us children in our
- California clothes. When we got to our tar-paper barracks, we
- found sand coming in through the walls, around the windows, up
- through the floor.
- </p>
- <p> "The camp was surrounded by barbed wire. Guards with
- machine guns were posted at watchtowers, with orders to shoot
- anyone who tried to escape. Our own government put a yoke of
- disloyalty around our shoulders. But throughout our ordeal, we
- cooperated with the government because we felt that in the long
- run, we could prove our citizenship."
- </p>
- <p> Mineta was a leader in the long-run effort to get the U.S.
- to pay amends for its transgressions. In 1988 Congress finally
- passed a law promising $20,000 to each of 75,000 victims.
- "Words alone cannot restore lost years or erase painful
- memories," said the presidential letter handed to each survivor.
- So far, $957 million of the promised billion-plus dollars has
- been paid.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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